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01-1 The Prophecy

夢兆

進入內觀中心後,阿姜曼便開始努力修行。阿姜曼修持的業處是「Buddho」-「Buddho」是巴利文「佛陀」兩字之讀音,所以此法門可說是以憶念佛陀作為修行之法。無時無刻,阿姜曼都在心中誦念著「Buddho」。會選擇此業處,是阿姜曼嘗試一些業處之後,發覺內心與它最為相應。但開始時,阿姜曼也無法從修行中獲得任何利益,甚至他也曾懷疑自己是否修錯了?不過,阿姜曼把疑惑放在一旁,持續修行,最後修行的成果終於出現-他的心生起了一定程度的寧靜。

 

之後的某一晚,阿姜曼夢到了一個奇特的夢:

 

夢境中,阿姜曼離開村莊,走進了一座巨大森林裡。除了許多高聳樹木外,灌木與雜草幾乎佔滿了整個地面,阿姜曼只得慢慢前進。千辛萬苦之後,阿姜曼走出了叢林,現在他看到的則是另一片開闊的荒野。儘管看似沒有邊際,阿姜曼仍依照計畫繼續向前進。阿姜曼就這樣獨自一人在荒野上走著,直到最後他看見一棵傾倒在地上的鈍葉龍腦香樹。5

 

這棵龍腦香樹沒來由地出現在荒野中。照情況看,它應該倒在地上很久了,部分樹幹已陷進鬆軟的地面,樹皮與邊材亦已腐爛,只剩下一些心材還未爛掉。阿姜曼站上樹幹,從樹頭走至樹尾,他一邊走一邊觀察這棵樹。

在樹幹上方時,阿姜曼意識到,這棵樹已徹底死去,永不再發芽了;接著,他向內反思,他思索自己與樹有何異同-生死輪迴中的自己其實與這棵樹沒有什麼不同!眼看樹木已腐爛、不會再次生根發芽,阿姜曼思索著,只要精勤修行,此生必可找到一個方法,能夠終止自己在輪迴中的生死循環吧!阿姜曼又思惟著,輪迴中的無盡生死與這一片廣袤荒地應該是有幾分相似吧?

 

當他還在樹幹上沉思時,一匹健壯白馬跑了過來,牠在樹幹旁停了下來。看到馬兒停在旁邊,阿姜曼突然生起一股想要騎馬的念頭。於是阿姜曼跨上馬背,緊接著白馬便是一陣風馳電掣的奔跑!阿姜曼不知道白馬為何會突然出現、也不知道他會被帶去哪兒?就他觀察,白馬似乎是漫無目的地奔跑;而且牠的速度極快,短時間內,白馬奔跑的距離已大到無法估計。過沒多久,遠方似乎出現了某件事物?它看來是一個書櫃,櫃體上還鑲有閃閃發亮的銀飾。距離更近後,阿姜曼心中出現一個強烈直覺-那是一座藏有許多珍貴佛經的藏經櫃6!不需拉動韁繩,馬兒就像是知道他的心意,牠載著阿姜曼直往藏經櫃前進,並在書櫃前停了下來。接著,阿姜曼翻身下馬;他一離開馬鞍,白馬便消失不見!阿姜曼人往藏經櫃走去,同時間他注意到這書櫃正位於荒野的邊緣,再過去就又是另一片叢林灌木了。那邊的樹木更是茂密,阿姜曼只覺得沒有人能夠穿越那片叢林。最後,阿姜曼走到藏經櫃正前方,伸出雙手打開櫃子。然而,在看到任何書籍之前,這夢境就戛然而止,阿姜曼醒了過來。

 

阿姜曼知道這夢境是個徵兆-它預告只要自己繼續精勤修行,正道與接續的聖道果就在不遠的將來!從那一天起,阿姜曼心中懷著更高一層的決心與篤定,他將一切心力都放在修行上。無論何時何處,阿姜曼絕對不會放下業處;從事任何工作或雜務,阿姜曼都持續心念著「buddho」。

除此之外,阿姜曼還以最嚴格的標準來檢視自己的戒行,並額外持守了數項的頭陀行7。其中有部分頭陀行,阿姜曼從未間斷過,可說是持守至死亡為止!阿姜曼奉持的頭陀行包括:

一、糞掃衣。阿姜曼不接受任何人供養衣服或布料,他只穿著由廢棄布料所縫製的糞掃衣。二、每日托缽乞食。除非某些日子已預定要禁食,否則阿姜曼會天天至村落托缽。三、只吃托缽得到的食物,不接受任何在托缽之後的食物供養。四、一座食。只在正午前進食唯一的一餐,餐後不再吃任何食物。五、一缽食。所有食物都放在同一個缽中,拒絕持守但容器的食物。六、阿蘭若住-在樹下、洞穴、或石壁下過夜與居住。七、持守但三衣。阿姜曼的僧服只有用來禦寒的僧伽梨衣、袈裟、與下裙各一件8。不過,為了現在社會之需要,阿姜曼還額外擁有一件浴袍,這是為了顧及時代變遷而不得不採取的一個小改變。

 

若外在因緣俱足,阿姜曼也會持守全部的十三項頭陀行;而他始終奉持不懈的就是上述的七項。奉持到最後,頭陀行的意義與內涵已完全溶入阿姜曼的人格特質之中。可以說,頭陀行塑造並界定了阿姜曼這一位尊者。現今要再找出另一位同樣精熟頭陀行的尊者,恐怕會有些難度吧?

 

阿姜曼認真地看待日常生活中的一切事物。除了將事物盡力做到最好之外,阿姜曼還會仔細思維背後之意義,他是絕不可能敷衍了事的。從始自終,阿姜曼的目標就是為了要超越世間;而他從事的一切活動,都是為了要擊毀躲藏於身心之內的貪瞋癡9。其實一開始,阿姜曼與普通人沒有什麼不同,大家都是受貪瞋癡的控制;但是從立下更高的志向之後,阿姜曼便不再允許自己的心與貪瞋癡有任何瓜葛。這便是阿姜曼與我們之間的明顯不同-貪瞋癡再也不能安居在他的身心之中;只要一冒出水面,阿姜曼就會對貪瞋癡展開攻擊。

 

在禪修中心的這一段時間,阿姜曼逐漸掌握住了修行的方法與訣竅;他對禪修愈來愈熟練,已建立了能夠自行訓練自己的基礎。有此程度之後的某一天,阿姜曼又檢視了這個夢境。他先將心力聚焦在夢境之上,注意它的每個細節,解析它,直到他了解全部的意涵。在這個夢境中,阿姜曼看出出家為僧且奉行正法,就如同把心抬升,避開這俗世間的種種毒害。那片茂密糾結、隱藏種種危險的叢林,則象徵著心識,那裡是所有痛苦與不幸的聚集之所。心識不該一直待在叢林中,它必須走到遼闊廣袤的平原-一個免於恐懼、平靜喜悅之境界10。

 

那匹移動快速的白馬則表示他在正道上的進步。阿姜曼以白馬為工具,最後抵達至自在圓滿的國度。在那兒,阿姜曼發現了一個藏經櫃;然而,阿姜曼無法打開書櫃,他只能欣賞它精緻典雅的外觀。這件事代表了阿姜曼最後無法證得最高層次的智慧。

只有證得「四無礙智」的聖者才能夠打開書櫃,也只有他們才能夠閱讀裡面的藏書。得「四無礙智」之聖者,能隨順眾生根器教授正法,信手拈來,深入淺出。這樣的聖者能夠輕易為人類或眾天說法,他的名聲將會久久流傳於三界之中。

 

但由於阿姜曼無法證得這層次的智慧,所以夢境中他無緣打開書櫃,只得欣賞它的外觀而已。依此夢境,阿姜曼未來將只能證得「教導無礙智」,意指他可具備充足的智慧與技巧,足夠教導學生了解佛教的基本原則與修行,但卻無法傳授佛陀教法的全部範圍與意涵。阿姜曼生前也曾謙虛地表示,他的教導只足夠讓後人發現道路而已。即使如此,有幸接受過阿姜曼教導的人們、或曾跟隨他修行的比丘們,每一位都感受到阿姜曼身上的法既優美又深奧,已非世間文辭能夠形容!可惜人死無法復生,現今的人們要到何處才能聽聞這般優美又精闢的正法呢?在這動盪的時代,我們更是需要一位聖者的指導與慰藉啊!

啊!

5. 鈍葉龍腦香樹,泰文本作ต้นชาติ(頓恰),為泰國東北高原森林中的一種落葉闊葉樹。在巴利文中,「鈍葉龍腦香樹」與「出生」都拼音為「Jãti」。因此,阿姜曼夢境裡已枯死的鈍葉龍腦香樹是永斷輪迴的表徵。

jāti tree(生之樹=象徵輪迴的"生" )

泰文:ต้นชาติ(/don-chat/頓恰)也作ต้นชาด。

中文:鈍葉龍腦香樹

學名: Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm.

屬科: Dipterocarpaceae

俗名: ยาง เหียง(/hiang/香)

是龍腦香屬植物,常綠落葉大喬木,樹高可達30公尺,胸徑50-80公分,樹皮褐色。木質呈棕灰色,分布于東南亞的缅甸、泰國、馬來西亞、柬埔。

 

6. 藏經櫃是一類專門製作的書櫃,書櫃一層一層間的距離與佛經相當,而整個書櫃的大小足以收納全套50多本的佛經。

 

7. 頭陀行共有十三項,是佛陀對少欲知足的僧眾所制定的進階修行方式。下一章節會有更詳盡的說明。

 

8. 袈裟由三部分的衣服所構成,分別是大衣(僧伽黎)、上衣(郁多羅僧)、與下袍(安陀會)。「但」表示 獨、只有。

 

9. 煩惱是理解佛教宗旨最重要的一個觀念。煩惱標示了人們的心靈有著與生俱有的障礙,也明白指出人們該在哪些面向上修行以獲得進步。煩惱是內心的汙垢,任何非善念頭都是煩惱。煩惱非人類專有,一切有情皆逃不過煩惱的控制。有三種基本類型的煩惱:貪婪、瞋恚、愚痴。它們污染人們的思考、說話、一舉一動。事實上,人們想到的每一件事物,幾乎都是煩惱的產物,這也包括了人們的自我認同與存在意義。因此,煩惱是從外部、內部、從根部開始腐蝕人們的心靈;而一切非善行為的結果只會讓人們更迷戀輪迴,心甘情願地承受永無止境的死亡與苦痛。煩惱的表現千變萬化,它們能以激情、嫉妒、自負、自滿、虛榮、吝嗇、傲慢、憤怒、怨恨等等形式出現。其實還有更多的微細心態與煩惱有關,但人們無法一一辨別,於是也沒有名詞可稱之。不管如何,只要煩惱一出現,人們的內心總會落入不健康甚至有害的狀態。各種非善心態彼此牽連、衍生轉化,驅使一切有情做出種種不善言行,最後的結果便是這個充滿苦痛、卻也離開不了的婆娑世界。

 

10. 意識中能覺知的部分即是「心」,而覺知是一切感受與意識的最基本構成。對一位具有形體的有情來說,這能覺知的部分常被稱作「心」或「意識」。在潔淨狀態下,心能夠覺知過去、現在、與未來,亦能夠覺知自身與遙遠的事物,心是不受限制的。然而,未潔淨的心受到種種煩惱的牽絆與阻礙,它無法發揮出力量。在無明的影響下,有情眾生的心展現出來的是感受、記憶、念頭、與意識等等片斷的部分;然而,心的本質從來就只是覺知,它不生起也不逝去,它既不誕生亦不曾死亡。

    在本書中,作者並未嚴格區分「心」與器官中的「心臟」,兩名詞經常彼此混用。心臟位於身體的中心位置,它是最重要的器官,一切身體功能皆依賴之。事實上,善與惡、快樂與痛苦、種種念頭的生起就是在心臟這個位置發生的,而這些事物無疑屬於「心」的範疇。

    世人通常會認為,意識完全源自於人類頭腦複雜的連結與運作;只有頭腦正常運作時才有意識,而頭腦一死亡意識便隨之消失。這種偏向機械運作的觀點其實大錯特錯!醫學可以證明某些認知功能需要特定區域大腦組織的正常運作,但這不表示大腦即是意識的來源。較為正確的觀點是,將大腦視為一個複雜的處理器,它可接受「心」傳送來的感受、記憶、念頭、意識等等訊息;接受之後,大腦過濾、強化、並重整訊息,好讓我們能夠依照自己的偏好來認知這個世界。總而言之,受想行識並不是源自於大腦,「覺知」更不是大腦的功能,這些完全屬於「心」的範疇。(可參考附錄二與佛教名詞的說明)。

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When Ãcariya Mun first began practicing vipassanã at Ãcariya Sao’s center, he meditated constantly, internally repeating the word “buddho”, the recollection of the Buddha, as he preferred this preparatory Dhamma theme above all others. In the beginning, he failed to experience the degree of calm and happiness that he expected, which caused him to doubt whether he was practicing correctly. Despite his doubt he didn’t flag in his persistent use of the word “buddho”, and eventually his heart developed a certain measure of calm.

One night he had a dream:

He walked out of a village and entered a large, dense jungle overgrown with tangled undergrowth. He could hardly find a way to penetrate it. He struggled to find his way through this vast thicket until he finally emerged safe at the other end. When he came out, he found himself at the edge of an immense field that stretched as far as the eye could see. He set out resolutely, walking across this field until he happened to come across a huge fallen jãti tree. 5

Felled long ago, its trunk was partially embedded in the ground, and most of its bark and sapwood had already rotted away. He climbed upon this giant jãti log and walked along its full length. As he walked, he reflected inwardly. He realized that this tree would never sprout and grow again. He compared this with his own life which would certainly not rise again in any future existence. He identified the dead jãti tree with his own life in saÿsãra. Seeing that the tree had rotted away, never to root and spring to life again, he reckoned that, by keeping up his diligent practice, he would surely find a way to reach a definite conclusion to his own life in this very existence. The vast expanse of open field symbolized the nature of the never-ending cycle of birth and death.

As he stood on the log contemplating this, a broad white stallion trotted up and stood next to the fallen jãti tree. As it stood there, Ãcariya Mun felt an urge to ride it. So, he mounted the mysterious horse which immediately raced off at full gallop. He had no idea where he was being taken or why. The horse just continued galloping at full speed without showing any obvious sign of direction or purpose. The distance it traveled across the vast field seemed immeasurable. As they strode along, Ãcariya Mun saw a beautiful Tipiåika cabinet 6 in the distance, adorned with exquisite silver trim. Without guidance, the horse led him directly to the enclosed bookcase, and came to a halt right in front of it. The moment Ãcariya Mun dismounted with the aim of opening the cabinet, the white stallion vanished without a trace. As he stepped towards the bookcase, he noticed that it was standing at the very edge of the field with nothing in the background but more of the dense jungle, entangled and smothered with undergrowth. He saw no way of penetrating it. When he came to the Tipiåika cabinet, he reached out to open it; but, before he had a chance to discover the contents inside, he woke up.

This was a dream nimitta, an omen confirming his belief that if he persevered in his efforts, he would undoubtedly discover a path for attaining what he sought. From then on, with renewed determination Ãcariya Mun meditated intensively, unrelenting in his efforts to constantly repeat “buddho” as he conducted all his daily affairs. At the same time, he very carefully observed the austere dhutanga practices which he undertook at the time of his ordination, and continued to practice for the rest of his life.7 The dhutangas he voluntarily undertook were: wearing only robes made from discarded cloth – not accepting robes directly offered by lay supporters; going on almsround every day without fail – except those days when he decided to fast; accepting and eating only food received in his alms bowl – never receiving food offered after his almsround; eating only one meal a day – never eating food after the one meal; eating only out of the alms bowl – never eating food that is not inside the one vessel; living in the forest – which means wandering through forested terrain, living and sleeping in the wilds, in the mountains or in the valleys; some time spent living under a canopy of trees, in a cave, or under an overhanging cliff; and wearing only his three principal robes – the outer robe, the upper robe, and the lower robe, 8  with the addition of a bathing cloth which is necessary to have nowadays.

Ãcariya Mun also observed the remainder of the thirteen dhutanga practices when circumstances were convenient; but, he upheld the above seven routinely until they became integrated into his character. They became so much a part of him that it would be difficult to find one who is his equal these days.

On his own accord, he showed earnestness in finding meaning in everything he did. He never approached his duties half-heartedly. His sincere aim, always, was to transcend the world. Everything he did was directed toward the noble effort of destroying the kilesas 9 within himself. Due to this sense of purpose, he allowed no hiding room in his heart for arrogance and conceit, despite being exposed to the same defiling influences as was everyone else. In one respect he differed markedly from the average person: instead of allowing his mind free reign for the kilesas to trample all over, he always put up a fight, attacking them at every opportunity.

Later, when he felt confident that he had developed a sufficiently solid foundation in his meditation, he investigated the dream nimitta. Turning his attention to the dream, he analyzed it until he gradually comprehended its full meaning. He saw that ordaining as a monk and practicing the Dhamma properly was equivalent to raising the level of the citta beyond the poisons of the world. The dense, entangled jungle, where dangers of every kind await to ambush, was the analogy for the citta, a repository of pain and misery. The citta must be lifted until it reaches the vast, wide open expanse – a sphere of Ultimate Happiness, and freedom from all fear and concern. 10

The majestic white stallion symbolized the path of practicing Dhamma. He rode the horse as the means of transport to the realm of complete contentment, where he encountered the beautiful Tipiåika cabinet with an exquisite design. Able only to look upon it, he lacked the spiritual perfection necessary to secure the cabinet’s opening and admire its library to his heart’s content – a feat accomplished only by one who has acquired catu paåisambhidãñãõa. A person endowed with this four-fold knowledge is renown throughout the three worlds for his brilliant wisdom and his comprehensive knowledge of teaching methods, extensive as the sea and sky. Such a one is never at a loss when teaching devas and humans.

Because Ãcariya Mun lacked a sufficiently high level of spiritual perfection, he was denied the opportunity to open the cabinet, and had to be content with simply admiring its beauty. Consequently, he would attain only the level of paåisambhidãnusãsana, meaning that he had sufficient wisdom and expository skills to elucidate to others the basic path of Buddhist practice, but not its entire breadth and depth. Although he humbly stated that his teaching was merely sufficient to show the way, those who witnessed his practice and heard the profound Dhamma that he taught throughout his life were so deeply impressed that no words can describe it. It would certainly be difficult to witness or hear anything comparable in this day and age – an age much in need of such a noble person.

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